curs_add_wch - Online Linux Manual PageSection : 3X
Updated :
NAMEadd_wch, wadd_wch, mvadd_wch, mvwadd_wch, echo_wchar, wecho_wchar − add a complex character and rendition to a curses window, then advance the cursor
SYNOPSIS#include <curses.h> int add_wch( const cchar_t *wch );"
int wadd_wch( WINDOW *win, const cchar_t *wch );"
int mvadd_wch( int y, int x, const cchar_t *wch );"
int mvwadd_wch( WINDOW *win, int y, int x, const cchar_t *wch );" int echo_wchar( const cchar_t *wch );"
int wecho_wchar( WINDOW *win, const cchar_t *wch );"
DESCRIPTION
add_wchThe add_wch, wadd_wch, mvadd_wch, and mvwadd_wch functions put the complex character wch into the given window at its current position, which is then advanced. These functions perform wrapping and special-character processing as follows: • If wch refers to a spacing character, then any previous character at that location is removed. A new character specified by wch is placed at that location with rendition specified by wch. The cursor then advances to the next spacing character on the screen. • If wch refers to a non-spacing character, all previous characters at that location are preserved. The non-spacing characters of wch are added to the spacing complex character, and the rendition specified by wch is ignored. • If the character part of wch is a tab, newline, backspace or other control character, the window is updated and the cursor moves as if addch were called.
echo_wcharThe echo_wchar function is functionally equivalent to a call to add_wch followed by a call to refresh(3X). Similarly, the wecho_wchar is functionally equivalent to a call to wadd_wch followed by a call to wrefresh. The knowledge that only a single character is being output is taken into consideration and, for non-control characters, a considerable performance gain might be seen by using the *echo* functions instead of their equivalents.
Line GraphicsLike addch(3X), addch_wch accepts symbols which make it simple to draw lines and other frequently used special characters. These symbols correspond to the same VT100 line-drawing set as addch(3X). ACSUnicodeASCIIacscGlyph NameDefaultDefaultcharName WACS_BLOCK0x25ae #0solid square block WACS_BOARD0x2592 #hboard of squares WACS_BTEE0x2534 +vbottom tee WACS_BULLET0x00b7 o~bullet WACS_CKBOARD0x2592 :achecker board (stipple) WACS_DARROW0x2193 v.arrow pointing down WACS_DEGREE0x00b0 'fdegree symbol WACS_DIAMOND0x25c6 +`diamond WACS_GEQUAL0x2265 >>greater-than-or-equal-to WACS_HLINE0x2500 −qhorizontal line WACS_LANTERN0x2603 #ilantern symbol WACS_LARROW0x2190 <,arrow pointing left WACS_LEQUAL0x2264 <yless-than-or-equal-to WACS_LLCORNER0x2514 +mlower left-hand corner WACS_LRCORNER0x2518 +jlower right-hand corner WACS_LTEE0x2524 +tleft tee WACS_NEQUAL0x2260 !|not-equal WACS_PI0x03c0 *{greek pi WACS_PLMINUS0x00b1 #gplus/minus WACS_PLUS0x253c +nplus WACS_RARROW0x2192 >+arrow pointing right WACS_RTEE0x251c +uright tee WACS_S10x23ba −oscan line 1 WACS_S30x23bb −pscan line 3 WACS_S70x23bc −rscan line 7 WACS_S90x23bd _sscan line 9 WACS_STERLING0x00a3 f}pound-sterling symbol WACS_TTEE0x252c +wtop tee WACS_UARROW0x2191 ^−arrow pointing up WACS_ULCORNER0x250c +lupper left-hand corner WACS_URCORNER0x2510 +kupper right-hand corner WACS_VLINE0x2502 |xvertical line The wide-character configuration of ncurses also defines symbols for thick lines (acsc ‟J” to ‟V”): ACSUnicodeASCIIacscGlyph NameDefaultDefaultcharName WACS_T_BTEE0x253b+Vthick tee pointing up WACS_T_HLINE0x2501-Qthick horizontal line WACS_T_LLCORNER0x2517+Mthick lower left corner WACS_T_LRCORNER0x251b+Jthick lower right corner WACS_T_LTEE0x252b+Tthick tee pointing right WACS_T_PLUS0x254b+Nthick large plus WACS_T_RTEE0x2523+Uthick tee pointing left WACS_T_TTEE0x2533+Wthick tee pointing down WACS_T_ULCORNER0x250f+Lthick upper left corner WACS_T_URCORNER0x2513+Kthick upper right corner WACS_T_VLINE0x2503|Xthick vertical line and for double-lines (acsc ‟A” to ‟I”): ACSUnicodeASCIIacscGlyph NameDefaultDefaultcharName WACS_D_BTEE0x2569+Hdouble tee pointing up WACS_D_HLINE0x2550-Rdouble horizontal line WACS_D_LLCORNER0x255a+Ddouble lower left corner WACS_D_LRCORNER0x255d+Adouble lower right corner WACS_D_LTEE0x2560+Fdouble tee pointing right WACS_D_PLUS0x256c+Edouble large plus WACS_D_RTEE0x2563+Gdouble tee pointing left WACS_D_TTEE0x2566+Idouble tee pointing down WACS_D_ULCORNER0x2554+Cdouble upper left corner WACS_D_URCORNER0x2557+Bdouble upper right corner WACS_D_VLINE0x2551|Ydouble vertical line Unicode's descriptions for these characters differs slightly from ncurses, by introducing the term ‟light” (along with less important details). Here are its descriptions for the normal, thick, and double horizontal lines: • U+2500 BOX DRAWINGS LIGHT HORIZONTAL • U+2501 BOX DRAWINGS HEAVY HORIZONTAL • U+2550 BOX DRAWINGS DOUBLE HORIZONTAL
RETURN VALUEAll routines return the integer ERR upon failure and OK on success. X/Open does not define any error conditions. This implementation returns an error • if the window pointer is null or • if it is not possible to add a complete character in the window. The latter may be due to different causes: • If scrollok is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not possible to wrap to a new line • If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned. Functions with a ‟mv” prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.
NOTESNote that add_wch, mvadd_wch, mvwadd_wch, and echo_wchar may be macros.
PORTABILITYAll of these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4. The defaults specified for line-drawing characters apply in the POSIX locale. X/Open Curses makes it clear that the WACS_ symbols should be defined as a pointer to cchar_t data, e.g., in the discussion of border_set. A few implementations are problematic: • NetBSD curses defines the symbols as a wchar_t within a cchar_t. • HPUX curses equates some of the ACS_ symbols to the analogous WACS_ symbols as if the ACS_ symbols were wide characters. The misdefined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not used for line-drawing. X/Open Curses does not define symbols for thick- or double-lines. SVr4 curses implementations defined their line-drawing symbols in terms of intermediate symbols. This implementation extends those symbols, providing new definitions which are not in the SVr4 implementations. Not all Unicode-capable terminals provide support for VT100-style alternate character sets (i.e., the acsc capability), with their corresponding line-drawing characters. X/Open Curses did not address the aspect of integrating Unicode with line-drawing characters. Existing implementations of Unix curses (AIX, HPUX, Solaris) use only the acsc character-mapping to provide this feature. As a result, those implementations can only use single-byte line-drawing characters. Ncurses 5.3 (2002) provided a table of Unicode values to solve these problems. NetBSD curses incorporated that table in 2010. In this implementation, the Unicode values are used instead of the terminal description's acsc mapping as discussed in ncurses(3X) for the environment variable NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS. In contrast, for the same cases, the line-drawing characters described in curs_addch(3X) will use only the ASCII default values. Having Unicode available does not solve all of the problems with line-drawing for curses: • The closest Unicode equivalents to the VT100 graphics S1, S3, S7 and S9 frequently are not displayed at the regular intervals which the terminal used. • The lantern is a special case. It originated with the AT&T 4410 terminal in the early 1980s. There is no accessible documentation depicting the lantern symbol on the AT&T terminal. Lacking documentation, most readers assume that a storm lantern was intended. But there are several possibilities, all with problems. Unicode 6.0 (2010) does provide two lantern symbols: U+1F383 and U+1F3EE. Those were not available in 2002, and are irrelevant since they lie outside the BMP and as a result are not generally available in terminals. They are not storm lanterns, in any case. Most storm lanterns have a tapering glass chimney (to guard against tipping); some have a wire grid protecting the chimney. For the tapering appearance, ☃ U+2603 was adequate. In use on a terminal, no one can tell what the image represents. Unicode calls it a snowman. Others have suggested these alternatives: § U+00A7 (section mark), Θ U+0398 (theta), Φ U+03A6 (phi), δ U+03B4 (delta), ⌧ U+2327 (x in a rectangle), ╬ U+256C (forms double vertical and horizontal), and ☒ U+2612 (ballot box with x).
SEE ALSOcurses(3X), curs_addch(3X), curs_attr(3X), curs_clear(3X), curs_outopts(3X), curs_refresh(3X), putwc(3) 0
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